Zajoncs paper describes a series of experiments in which he showed participants a sequence of random imagesgeometric shapes, chinese symbols, paintings, and. Vast literature on the mere repeated exposure effect shows it to be a robust phenomenon that cannot be explained by an appeal to recognition memory or perceptual fluency. The hypothesis is offered that mere repeated exposure of the. Pdf in two experiments we tested the hypothesis that repeated exposure to outgrouprelevant attitude objects. Zajonc university of michigan the hypothesis is offered that mere repeated exposure of the individual to a stimulus object enhances his attitude toward it. November 23, 1923 december 3, 2008 was a polishborn american social psychologist who is known for his decades of work on a wide range of social and cognitive processes. Available formats pdf please select a format to send. First, with regard to the type of outcome, this metaanalysis found that multitasking could have a negative effect on cognitive outcomes and a positive effect on attitudinal outcomes. When choosing a particular alternative from a number of financial assets, risk is an important feature.
Sales department of psychology, carnegiemellon university zajonc has proposed that repeated mere exposure of a stimulus is a sufficient condition for enhancing the attractiveness of this stimulus. Research on the mere exposure phenomenon has focused most often on the attitudinal effects of repeated exposure to nonsocial stimuli cf. Following mere exposure, attractiveness ratings mere exposure effect increased. Three sources of stimulus in put, one visual and two aural, were distinguished in zajoncs 1968 study that demonstrated that rated goodnessofmeaning of nonsense words is a positive function of exposure frequency. We can learn all kinds of useful things by reading newspapers, magazines, books. Although they all indicate that the initial pleasantness of a stimulus is an important variable to consider, the impact of the mere exposure effect ranges from canceling out preferences to strengthening them. In everyday life, people typically think of media effects as being negative, such as exposure to violence leading to antisocial behavior. Zajonc has proposed that repeated mere exposure of a stimulus is a sufficient condition for enhancing the attractiveness of this stimulus. The earliest known research on the effect was conducted by gustav fechner in. The effects of similarity on perceived familiarity were almost entirely mediated by changes in attraction. One of his most important contributions to social psychology is the mere exposure effect. In the ex treme, an exposure effect was ob tained prenatally rajecki, 1974. In social psychology, this effect is sometimes called the familiarity principle.
Objective to evaluate adolescents responses to cigarette advertisements for different brands. By mere exposure is meant a condition making the stimulus accessible to. Zajonc also conducted research in the areas of social. Journal of personality and social psychology monograph supplement. On the other hand, the mere exposure effect for the images of products was seen only when participants were explicitly encouraged to direct their attention to the product parts of the advertising image. Effects of television commercial repetition, receiver knowledge, and commercial length.
The present research examined the possibility that repeated exposure may simultaneously produce specific and diffuse effects. The mere exposure effect depends on an odors initial. Kulesza swps university of social sciences and humanities. Assessing the role of contingency awareness in attitudinal conditioning with. Examination of different explanations for the mere. Document resume cs 200 704 becker, lee b doolittle. Document resume title the effects of picture content. This mere exposure effect zajonc, 1968 is very robust.
Journal of personality and social psychology, 92, pt. Studies examining the mere exposure effect in relation to a priori valenced stimuli are scarce. Although much of the work on repeated exposure has produced linear. Zajonc conducted four experiments, each of which provided overwhelming to strong support for the hypothesis that mere repeated exposure of the mere exposure effect is well established at this point. Journal of personality and social psychology, 9, 127. One purpose of the present study is to examine the mere exposure effect using a meaningful albeit unfamiliar attitude object. A test of the twofactor model the effects of repeated exposure to an advertising message have long been of considerable basic and prag matic interest to marketers. Some of the theoretical implications of these findings are discussed. This mererepeated exposure effect is found in a vari ety of contexts, for a wide assort ment of stimuli, using diverse pro cedures, and among both humans and nonhuman animals. In study 1, participants were presented with 5ms exposures of 25 stimuli each shown once singleexposure condition or with five repetitions of 5 stimuli repeatedexposure condition. Why seeing photos of ourselves disappoints us psychology. Pdf visual and tactile crossmodal mere exposure effects. The mereexposure effect is a psychological phenomenon by which people tend to develop a preference for things merely because they are familiar with them. Journal of personality and social psychology9 2, attutudinal.
The mereexposure effect is a psychological phenomenon by which people tend to develop a. The results indicate that mere exposure to bad art makes people like it less. By mere exposure is meant a condition making the stimulus accessible to the individuals perception. An experiment was conducted in which each subject made both risk judgments and return judgments in regard to 25 domestic stocks artitudinal randomly from the tel aviv stock index. Website software copyright 2019, archieboy holdings, llc. Zajonc conducted four experiments, each of which provided overwhelming to strong support for the hypothesis that mere repeated exposure of an individual to a stimulus object enhances his or her attitude toward it. The effect has been demonstrated with many kinds of things, including words.
If this is correct, sceptics about aesthetic value and the canon cannot straightforwardly rely on cuttings results to sup port their position. Zajonc sought to understand how familiarity impacts our preference. This article investigates two competing explanations of the mere exposure effect the cognitionbased perceptual fluencymisattribution theory pfm and the affectbased hedonic fluency model hfmunder incidental exposure conditions. Journal of personality and social psychology monograph. Citeseerx document details isaac councill, lee giles, pradeep teregowda. Journal of personality and social psychology, 9, has been. Attitudinal influences on attributions of moral character konrad bocian, wieslaw baryla, wojciech m. Zajonc has proposed that repeated mere exposure of a stimulus is a sufficient. Y 7, 461472 1971 attitudinal effects of mere exposure. The mere exposure effect explains why seeing the same advertisement multiple times could be more convincing than just seeing it once. Research on mere exposure was extended to the area of advertising by becknell, wilson and baird 1963, who showed subjects slides of nonsense syllables with differing frequencies interspaced with unrelated visual materials.
In the present study, both a replication condition and an experimental condition that deleted one of the aural sources of input yielded the same. Attitudinal effects of mere exposure, was published in the journal of personality and social psychology in 1968. Paper presented at the symposium on comparative social behavior, smithsonian institute, may 1969. We argue that these results suggest that exposure itself is sensitive to value. Pdf the mere exposure effect refers to the wellestablished finding that. Heterogeneityhomogeneity of exposure sequence and the attitudinal effects of exposure1 albert a harrison 2 and rick crandall unvoemly of california, davis two experiments tested berlynes twofactor positive habituation and tedium theory of the effects of repeated stimulus exposures in experiment i, stimuli.
They indicated on a structured questionnaire how many times they had seen the advertisement or one almost like. The mere exposure effect was found for whole advertising images and images of female models. Visual and tactile crossmodal mere exposure effects article pdf available in cognition and emotion 221. The hypothesis is offered that mere repeated exposure of the individual to a stimulus object enhances his attitude toward it. Citeseerx scientific documents that cite the following paper. In a 1965 paper titled the attitudinal effects of mere exposure robert b. Effects of television commercial repetition, receiver. However, the effects on attitudinal outcomes were based only on 15 studies, whereas the effects on cognitive outcomes were based on 41 studies. Pdf the mere exposure effect for consumer products as a. Journal of personality and social psychology monograph supplement volume 9, no. The second assumption, that favorable exposure will lead to favorable attitude change but negative exposure will not, has had less experimental attention. This type of thinking is biased, as it is both irrational and contradicts the classical theory of finance.
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